The Regulatory Effect of Braided Silk Fiber Skeletons with Differential Porosities on In Vivo Vascular Tissue Regeneration and Long-Term Patency (2024)

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      The Regulatory Effect of Braided Silk Fiber Skeletons with Differential Porosities on In Vivo Vascular Tissue Regeneration and Long-Term Patency (1)

      Author(s):

      Xili Ding 1 , 2 ,

      Weirong Zhang 2 ,

      Peng Xu 2 ,

      Wentao Feng 2 ,

      Xiaokai Tang 2 ,

      Xianda Yang 2 ,

      Lizhen Wang 2 ,

      Linhao Li 2 ,

      Yan Huang 2 ,

      Jing Ji 2 ,

      Diansheng Chen 3 ,

      Haifeng Liu 2 , ,

      Yubo Fan 1 , 2 ,

      Publication date (Electronic): 11 November 2022

      Journal: Research

      Publisher: AAAS

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          Abstract

          The development of small-diameter vascular grafts that can meet the long-term patency required for implementation in clinical practice presents a key challenge to the research field. Although techniques such as the braiding of scaffolds can offer a tunable platform for fabricating vascular grafts, the effects of braided silk fiber skeletons on the porosity, remodeling, and patency in vivo have not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we used finite element analysis of simulated deformation and compliance to design vascular grafts comprised of braided silk fiber skeletons with three different degrees of porosity. Following the synthesis of low-, medium-, and high-porosity silk fiber skeletons, we coated them with hemocompatible sulfated silk fibroin sponges and then evaluated the mechanical and biological functions of the resultant silk tubes with different porosities. Our data showed that high-porosity grafts exhibited higher elastic moduli and compliance but lower suture retention strength, which contrasted with low-porosity grafts. Medium-porosity grafts offered a favorable balance of mechanical properties. Short-term in vivo implantation in rats indicated that porosity served as an effective means to regulate blood leakage, cell infiltration, and neointima formation. High-porosity grafts were susceptible to blood leakage, while low-porosity grafts hindered graft cellularization and tended to induce intimal hyperplasia. Medium-porosity grafts closely mimicked the biomechanical behaviors of native blood vessels and facilitated vascular smooth muscle layer regeneration and polarization of infiltrated macrophages to the M2 phenotype. Due to their superior performance and lack of occlusion, the medium-porosity vascular grafts were evaluated in long-term (24-months) in vivo implantation. The medium-porosity grafts regenerated the vascular smooth muscle cell layers and collagen extracellular matrix, which were circumferentially aligned and resembled the native artery. Furthermore, the formed neoarteries pulsed synchronously with the adjacent native artery and demonstrated contractile function. Overall, our study underscores the importance of braided silk fiber skeleton porosity on long-term vascular graft performance and will help to guide the design of next-generation vascular grafts.

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          Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method.

          Kenneth Livak, Thomas D. Schmittgen (2001)

          The two most commonly used methods to analyze data from real-time, quantitative PCR experiments are absolute quantification and relative quantification. Absolute quantification determines the input copy number, usually by relating the PCR signal to a standard curve. Relative quantification relates the PCR signal of the target transcript in a treatment group to that of another sample such as an untreated control. The 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method is a convenient way to analyze the relative changes in gene expression from real-time quantitative PCR experiments. The purpose of this report is to present the derivation, assumptions, and applications of the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. In addition, we present the derivation and applications of two variations of the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method that may be useful in the analysis of real-time, quantitative PCR data. Copyright 2001 Elsevier Science (USA).

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            Vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis

            Gemma Basatemur, Helle Jørgensen, Murray Clarke (2019)

            Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are a major cell type present at all stages of an atherosclerotic plaque. According to the 'response to injury' and 'vulnerable plaque' hypotheses, contractile VSMCs recruited from the media undergo phenotypic conversion to proliferative synthetic cells that generate extracellular matrix to form the fibrous cap and hence stabilize plaques. However, lineage-tracing studies have highlighted flaws in the interpretation of former studies, revealing that these studies had underestimated both the content and functions of VSMCs in plaques and have thus challenged our view on the role of VSMCs in atherosclerosis. VSMCs are more plastic than previously recognized and can adopt alternative phenotypes, including phenotypes resembling foam cells, macrophages, mesenchymal stem cells and osteochondrogenic cells, which could contribute both positively and negatively to disease progression. In this Review, we present the evidence for VSMC plasticity and summarize the roles of VSMCs and VSMC-derived cells in atherosclerotic plaque development and progression. Correct attribution and spatiotemporal resolution of clinically beneficial and detrimental processes will underpin the success of any therapeutic intervention aimed at VSMCs and their derivatives.

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              Vascularization in tissue engineering.

              Jeroen Rouwkema, Nicolas C Rivron, Clemens A van Blitterswijk (2008)

              Tissue engineering has been an active field of research for several decades now. However, the amount of clinical applications in the field of tissue engineering is still limited. One of the current limitations of tissue engineering is its inability to provide sufficient blood supply in the initial phase after implantation. Insufficient vascularization can lead to improper cell integration or cell death in tissue-engineered constructs. This review will discuss the advantages and limitations of recent strategies aimed at enhancing the vascularization of tissue-engineered constructs. We will illustrate that combining the efforts of different research lines might be necessary to obtain optimal results in the field.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors

                Haifeng Liu

                Yubo Fan:

                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8977-1965

                Journal

                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Research (Wash D C)

                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Research (Wash D C)

                Journal ID (publisher-id): RESEARCH

                Title: Research

                Publisher: AAAS

                ISSN (Electronic): 2639-5274

                Publication date Collection: 2022

                Publication date (Electronic): 11 November 2022

                Volume: 2022

                Electronic Location Identifier: 9825237

                Affiliations

                1School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China

                2Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China

                3eRobot Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China

                Author information
                Article

                DOI: 10.34133/2022/9825237

                PMC ID: 9703915

                PubMed ID: 36474603

                SO-VID: 0c9c1a7e-814f-4552-821b-9de5e1f970e3

                Copyright © Copyright © 2022 Xili Ding et al.

                License:

                Exclusive Licensee Science and Technology Review Publishing House. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0).

                History

                Date received : 18 July 2022

                Date accepted : 11 October 2022

                Funding

                Funded by: 111 Project

                Award ID: B13003

                Funded by: Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities

                Funded by: Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation

                Award ID: M22026

                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China

                Award ID: U20A20390

                Award ID: 11827803

                Award ID: 32071359

                Award ID: 32000968

                Award ID: T2288101

                Categories

                Subject: Research Article


                Data availability:

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